On visiting Japanese cities, the overwhelming impression is of the stark contrasts between the
modern and historic cultures of Japan, both of which are written into the landscape of its cities. This both
distinguishes Japan’s cities and creates tensions. Japan’s contemporary development processes give rise to a
form of development that strongly emphasises the individual, and this is overwhelmingly reflected in the
aesthetics and townscapes of Japanese cities. While this has given rise to some of the most distinctive and
vibrant cityscapes in the world, these processes and the robust but inevitably blunt regulatory tools that they
give rise to are threatening the traditional forms and typologies that represent the other side of the Japanese
city character. Recent innovations in Japanese design governance, although (so far) tentative, point to both a
growing concern about this and to some limited attempts to tackle the situation. The research reported here
suggests that these efforts need to be re-doubled if the dual character of Japanese cities – hyper-modern and yet
also traditional – is to be retained

• Designing the Japanese city – An individual aesthetic and a collective neglect