In recent years, men who have sex with men (MSM)
haveaccountedforover80%ofallnewHIVcasesinTaiwan.More
than 70% of new cases have occurred in those aged 15–34
years. Condomless anal intercourse (CAI) has been identified as
the main route of HIV transmission among MSM. To system-
atically examine CAI intention and associated factors among
young MSM in Taiwan, an anonymous online survey based on
theTheory ofPlanned Behavior(TPB)wasconducted.Data from
694 MSM aged 15–39 years were included in the analysis. This
studyfoundthat,overall,allfiveTPBfactors(i.e.,attitudestoward
positive and negative outcomes regarding CAI, perceived sup-
port for CAI from important others, and perceived behavioral
control of CAI under facilitating and constraining conditions)
were significantly associated with CAI intention. When data were
stratifiedbysexualrole(i.e.,receptive,versatile,andinsertive),the
associations between TPB factors and CAI intention varied.
Of the five TPB factors, positive attitudes toward positive out-
comes regarding CAI were most strongly associated with high
CAI intention (AOR 5.68 for all young MSM; AOR 3.80–
15.93, depending on sexual role). Findings from this study could
inform the development of theory-driven HIV prevention pro-
grams as well as future research and practice. These results also
highlight the importance of tailoring HIV prevention initia-

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• A Theory-Based Exploration of Condomless Anal Intercourse Intention Among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men of Different Sexual Roles in Taiwan