The X-ray luminosity and temperature of the polar cap heated by the back flux of positrons from
a radio pulsar with a period P ∼ 1 s and a magnetic field B ∼ 10 12 G have been estimated. An additional
source of X-ray emission—a thin, hotter semiring on the polar-cap periphery—is shown to also exist. It
is heated by the back flux of electrons from the light cylinder. Furthermore, the electric field near the hot
semiring accelerates the ions of the surface layer that leave the neutron-star magnetosphere. The semiring
area is smaller than the polar-cap area approximately by a factor of 100, i.e., at the same luminosity the
temperature is higher by a factor of 3. The observed X-ray emission from old radio pulsars is the emission
from thin hot polar-cap semirings. The emission from the polar caps themselves is strongly attenuated by
interstellar absorption.

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• Heating of the Polar Caps of Old Radio Pulsars