This article explores the effects of paradigm shifts, that is the transition
from the law enforcement paradigm to the war fighting paradigm and vice versa, on
the rules on the use of force for military operations. The concept and main elements
of rules of engagement are explained, followed by an analysis of applicable law and
its effect on the use of force in each of the two paradigms. Particular attention is
focused on the divergent meanings of necessity and proportionality in the two
paradigms. Finally, the effects of paradigm shifts on military operations and on the
rules on the use of force are explained. The conclusion offers some guidance on the
use of rules of engagement to support such paradigm transitions.

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• The Effects of Paradigm Shifts on the Rules on the Use of Force in Military Operations