This study tests the potential negative impact of leader-member exchange (LMX) quality on perceptions of followers’ motives to
perform organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Based on the OCB motives introduced and tested by Rioux and Penner
(Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 1306–1314, 2001), structural equation modeling using matched-pair data from follower-
leader-coworker triads was used to test a model proposed by (Bowler, Halbesleben, and Paul Human Resource Management
Review, 20, 309–316 2010) of the double-bind faced by those in low- or high-quality LMX relationships. Followers have their
OCB motives attributed to positive pro-social values and organizational concern motives or, alternatively to, negative impression
management motives based solely on the point of view of the observer. The first double-bind occurs in that third-party observers
attribute the OCB performance motives of followers in high-quality LMX relationships to impression management motives. This
puts high LMX followers in a double-bind in that while performing OCB is encouraged and positive, such behavior is seen as
self-serving by coworkers. This can lead to followers being labeled as brownnosers by coworkers, among other descriptors. The
second double-bind occurs when employees in low-quality LMX relationships have their OCB attributed negatively by their
leader. This makes it difficult for employees to develop LMX with their leader. We discuss the implications of the study and
outcomes for future research on LMX and OCB motives along with recommendations for practitioners for handling the potential
dark side of LMX relationships.

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• LMX and Attributions of Organizational Citizenship Behavior Motives: When is Citizenship Perceived as Brownnosing?