Purpose In this investigation, we argue for why and how
available intraclass correlation coefficients and other types
of reliability estimates can be employed as sample-based
reliability estimates within primary and meta-analytic
studies when relationships between group-level phenomena
are of interest.
Design/Methodology/Approach Group-level correlations
and reliability estimates were obtained from 46 studies
examining organizational climate–performance relation-
ships. We illustrate how the group-level reliability esti-
mates can be used to correct correlations for predictor and
criterion unreliability. Procedures are presented for com-
puting the sampling variances of individually corrected
correlations that account for sampling error in the group-
level reliability estimates.
Findings Support was found for the conservative nature of
meta-analytic parameter estimates when group-level relia-
bility information is sample-based as opposed to assumed
population values. In addition, our analyses indicated that

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• Estimating Group-Level Relationships: General Recommendations and Considerations for the Use of Intraclass Correlation Coefficients