This essay discusses the roles ascribed to Elijah the biblical prophet by Jews of
medieval Northwestern Europe (Ashkenaz), with particular attention to the rituals of Passover
Seder. Elijah served as a symbol for the theme of redemption, and his inclusion in the ceremony
was introduced and gained momentum specifically in Ashkenaz during the High Middle
Ages. The symbol of Elijah eventually overshadowed the image of the Messiah (for whom he
was seen as a forerunner) by becoming the ultimate guest of honor at the ceremony. Passover
Haggadah illumination programs reveal another facet of Elijah’s characterization in Ashkenazi
thought: as the loyal protector of Israel symbolized by the image of a dog.

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• Elijah the Prophet: The Guard Dog of Israel