Instructional Design literature provides descriptions of established models
that are particularly helpful for novices learning the patterns and approaches that
have historically proven successful. However, it does not provide as much information
about the design process in its largest sense. The popularity of established ID
models may cause instructional designers to limit their approaches and isolate
themselves from alternate views of design. The authors present a synthesis of the
literature of design in general with specific approaches cited in fields including
architecture, the automotive industry, engineering, fashion, the performing arts, as
well as instructional design, and conclude with a discussion of what ID might adopt
and adapt from other design disciplines to foster professional development and
expertise.

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• Beyond teaching instructional design models: exploring the design process to advance professional development and expertise