The complexities of migration have exposed fundamental problems in how
mainstream economists understand migration and shown the limitations of the
neoliberal migration policies typically proposed as panacea to overcome the migration crisis. Therefore, political economy must provide both a critique of and alternative to mainstream economics theories and policies of migration. Yet, while the
canon of mainstream migration theories is vast, the radical political economy challenge is relatively undeveloped or narrowly centred on structural Marxist political
economy. To broaden the radical challenge to the mainstream, this essay highlights
and clarifies a simple institutional economics framework based on the notes provided
by J.R. Commons in his 1907 classic: Races and Immigrants in America. Commons’
approach is radically different from the mainstream in terms of its unit, scale, and
concept of labour. Grounded in trans-actions rather than homo economicus and multiscalar and historical instead of mainstream ahistoricism and spatial separatism, this
approach does not consider labour as ‘capital’ in which to ‘invest’ to produce more
goods or commodity merely to be sold. In turn, its policy orientation is also entirely
different. This institutional framework has much in common with the Marxist alternative, for example, in terms of emphasising the class basis of migration. However, it
is sufficiently different from the Marxist approach to constitute a distinctive paradigm
that can help to better understand and transcend migration. Although the institutional
economics framework has major drawbacks, including its sympathies with eugenics
or ‘scientific racism’, these problems can be addressed without losing the essence of
the approach: offering a critique of and alternatives to mainstream economics while
evolving into a full-scale institutional economics migration approach.

• The contribution of J.R. Commons to migration analysis